诺奖得主及前世界领袖集体发声敦促美国政府开放疫苗知识产权

4 月14日，一个由 177 位诺贝尔奖获得者和前世界领导人组成的小组致信美国总统拜登，敦促美国采取“紧急行动”，暂停对新冠疫苗的知识产权保护，以帮助提高全球接种率。

4月16日，上述公开信的四位主要组织者：前新西兰总理海伦·克拉克（Helen Clark）、前英国首相戈登·布朗（Gordon Brown）、诺贝尔奖获得者科学联盟（LSA）主席和1993年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者理查德·罗伯茨爵士（Sir Richard J. Roberts）及2001年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者约瑟夫·史蒂格里兹（Joseph E. Stiglitz）在被誉为 “世界上最具智慧的专栏”的报业辛迪加（Project Syndicate）平台联合发文：《拜登总统，请支持人民的疫苗》，全文刊发了这一重要的公开信件。

令人骄傲的是，LSA科学家在推动新冠病毒疫苗全球泛用和平等获取上一直走在世界前列。早在2020年7月，以LSA罗伯茨主席和穆罕默德·尤努斯为代表的27位诺奖得主、来自138个国家和地区的40位前国家元首、85位国际组织首脑和万余名其他科学家和意见领袖共同签署了《将新冠疫苗宣布为全球公众产品的倡议》，率先呼吁全球各国将新冠肺炎疫苗作为公共产品，在保障科研投入的基本回馈的前提下将疫苗平等开放和提供给各国人民。这一行动迅速被联合国纳入其工作计划，2021年3月11日联合国秘书长古特雷斯正式发布Only Together宣传活动以鼓励全球在抗疫技术和疫苗的分享。

2020年10月，印度和南非驻世贸组织代表提议，希望世贸组织暂不执行《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》（TRIPS）特定条款，允许免费使用部分新冠疫苗相关专利，以便更多国家和地区能够获得新冠疫苗，这一提议遭到包括欧盟、美国、英国、加拿大等在内的“富裕国家俱乐部”的反对。11月24日，由罗伯茨主席等100位健康、商业、信念、劳工、政治和经济行业高级别领袖（后增长到222位签署者）向美国大选当选总统乔·拜登发出了指名的公开倡议，呼吁他在就任后能够推动美国同意放开在新冠肺炎疫苗和技术上的限制，让其早日造福全球人民。“由人民支付的疫苗应该为人们服务和留在人民中。”该倡议这么表示。

如今，以中国、美国、以色列等国为代表的领先国家在新冠疫苗的普及接种上已经取得立竿见影的卓越成果，但相对的是在全球的大多数地方仍然面临疫苗短缺，也包括部分疫苗因为质量和技术问题被限制使用。这也正是今年4月上述170余名诺贝尔奖获得者和国际前政要再一次发信施加压力，敦促美国政府尽早同意响应联合国号召，放开疫苗技术的专利限制。

公开信全文如下：

亲爱的拜登总统

我们这些签署本信件的前国家政要和政府首脑以及诺贝尔奖获得者们，严重关切在低收入和中等收入国家中缓慢的新冠肺炎疫苗接种进展速度。

在过去一年中，世界目睹了前所未有的安全而有效的疫苗的快速开发进展，这很大一部分归功于美国的公共投资。我们对在美国及很多富裕国家铺开的疫苗使用为其人民带来了希望表示欢迎。

然而对于世界的大多数地方，这同样的希望还未可见。新一轮的苦难正在全球涌现。如果其仍然易受病毒的荼毒，国际经济将无法被重建。

但让我们感到鼓励的是，根据报道，您的政府正考虑在新冠肺炎大流行期间临时豁免世贸组织知识产权规则，这一提议由南非和印度提出并获得超过100个世贸组织成员国和全球无数健康专家的支持。

对世贸组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》（TRIPS）的豁免是对结束这一大流行非常重要且必须的一步。它必须结合确保对疫苗专业知识和技术的开放共享。这可以通过世卫组织新冠肺炎技术池的方式来实现，正如您的首席医学顾问安东尼·福奇所倡导的那样。这将拯救生命并帮助我们迈向全球群体免疫。

这些行动将扩大全球产能，该产能受制于行业垄断者并导致供应短缺和疫苗可及性阻碍。今年中全球最贫穷国家中的九成人民无法获得疫苗。在这个速度下，虽然能力受限的但备受欢迎的联合国新冠肺炎疫苗全球可及（COVAX）倡议能够提供（疫苗），许多国家仍将被迫要等到2024年才能达成新冠肺炎免疫。

作为更强大的国际健康架构的一部分，世贸组织贸易相关知识产权（TRIPS）的豁免应伴随着对全球的研究投入、开发和产能进行的统一协调，以此解决这一场并让我们能够准备应对下一场大流行。如果说过去一年教导了我们什么，那就是对公共健康的威胁是全球性的，战略性政府投资、行动、合作和团结都是至关重要的。市场化，或狭隘的民族主义，都无法充分应对这些挑战。

全面保护知识产权以及垄断将对疫苗全球接种的努力产生负面影响并让美国自我挫败。鉴于由人为造成的全球供应短缺，美国经济在今年已经承受了超过一点三万亿美元GDP损失的风险。如果病毒继续在世界上游荡，美国的人民，即便接种了疫苗，也将继续暴露在新的致命性变异种株之下。

总统先生，我们的世界从在艾滋病毒等疾病的救命疗法的不平等可及性上学到了惨痛教训。通过支持对TRIPS进行豁免，美国将在最被需要的时候能树立一个在全球健康领域负责任的领导国家的榜样，就像先之前在对付HIV中做的那样。您的支持对号召盟友和其他所有国家（的共同参与）都是必不可少的。

通过您的领导力，我们可以确保新冠肺炎疫苗技术被分享给全世界。支持新冠肺炎相关知识产权条款的紧急豁免将给所有人一个生活在没有这些病毒的世界的机会。我们需要“人民的疫苗”。

我们中的许多人都经历过来自政治层面的压力，挑战和制约。但我们相信这会是美国行使团结、合作和更新领导力的无与伦比的机会。我们希望你能抓住它，并激励更多其他（国家）这么做。

请采取只有您能够做到的紧急行动，并且让这一刻在历史中被铭记，因为（这次）我们选择了将集体安全权利放在少数人的商业利益之前。

为我们所有人，让我们在现在来确保能够终结这个大流行。作为全球性和公平性的疫苗可及获取的倡导者，我们随时准备为您在这方面的努力给予支持和发声。

四位主要发起人：

Sir Richard J. Roberts - Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine (1993), Chief Scientific Officer of New England Biolabs, Chairman of Laureate Science Alliance, Trustee and former Chairman of Ocean Genome Legacy

Gordon Brown - Prime Minister (2007-2010) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1997-2007) of the United Kingdom, United Nations Special Envoy for Global Education and Chair of the International Commission on Financing Global Education Opportunity.

Helen Clark - Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999-2008) and administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, commissioner of the Global Commission on Drug Policy.

Joseph E. Stiglitz - Nobel Prize laureate in Economics (2001), University Professor at Columbia University, former chief economist of the World Bank (1997-2000) and chair of the US President’s Council of Economic Advisers, Lead author of the 1995 IPCC Climate Assessment, and co-chaired the international High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices.

其他签署人：

Peter Agre – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2003);

Esko Aho – Prime Minister of Finland (1991-95);

Harvey J. Alter – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2020);

Hiroshi Amano – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2014);

Werner Arber – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (1978);

Shaukat Aziz – Prime Minister of Pakistan (2004-07);

Rosalia Arteaga – President of Ecuador (1997);

Joyce Banda – President of the Republic of Malawi (2012-14);

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2008);

Sali Berisha – President of Albania (1992-97), Prime Minister (2005-13);

Valdis Birkavs – Prime Minister of Latvia (1993-94);

Elizabeth H. Blackburn – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2009);

Kjell Magne Bondevik – Prime Minister of Norway (1997-2000; 2001-05);

Ouided Bouchamaoui – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate with the Tunisian Quintet (2015);

Kim Campbell – Prime Minister of Canada (1993);

Mario R. Capecchi – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2007);

Fernando Henrique Cardoso – President of Brazil (1995-2003);

Martin Chalfie – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2008);

Joaquim Chissano – President of Mozambique (1986-2005);

Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca – President of Malta (2014-19);

Emil Constantinescu – President of Romania (1996-2000);

Mairead Corrigan Maguire – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1976);

Mirko Cvetković – Prime Minister of Serbia (2008-12);

Luisa Diogo – Prime Minister of Mozambique (2004-10);

Peter Doherty – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (1996);

Shirin Ebadi – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2003);

Mohamed ElBaradei – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2005);

François Englert – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2013);

Gerhard Ertl – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2007);

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1980);

Mohamed Fadhel Mahfoudh – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate with the Tunisian Quintet (2015);

Andrew Z. Fire – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2006);

Edmond Henri Fischer – Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine (1992);

Jan Fischer – Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2009-10);

Joachim Frank – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2017);

Chiril Gaburici – Prime Minister of Moldova (2015);

Leymah Gbowee – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2011);

Andre Geim – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2010);

Sheldon Glashow – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (1979);

Joseph L. Goldstein – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (1985);

Mikhail Gorbachev – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1990);

President of the Soviet Union (1985-1991);

David J. Gross – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2004);

Dalia Grybauskaitė – President of Lithuania (2009-19);

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim – President of Mauritius (2015-18);

Alfred Gusenbauer – Chancellor of Austria (2007-08);

Jeffrey Connor Hall – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2017);

John L. Hall – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2005);

Tarja Halonen – President of Finland (2000-12) ;

Leland H. Hartwell – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2001);

Richard Henderson – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2017);

Dudley R. Herschbach – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (1986);

Jules A. Hoffmann – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2011);

Roald Hoffmann – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (1981);

François Hollande – President of France (2012-17);

Tasuku Honjo – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2018);

Gerardus 't Hooft – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (1999);

Michael Houghton – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2020);

Robert Huber – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (1988);

Tim Hunt – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2001);

Louis J. Ignarro – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (1998);

Dalia Itzik – President of Israel (2007) ;

Mladen Ivanić – President of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2014-18);

Gjorge Ivanov – President of North Macedonia (2009-19);

Elfriede Jelinek – Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature (2004);

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – President of Liberia (2006-18);

Mehdi Jomaa – Prime Minister of Tunisia (2014-15);

Brian D. Josephson – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (1973);

Ivo Josipović – President of Croatia (2010-15) ;

Takaaki Kajita – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2015);

Eric R. Kandel – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2000);

Tawakkol Karman – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2011);

Wolfgang Ketterle – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2001);

Kolinda Grabar Kitarović – President of Croatia (2015-20);

Roger D. Kornberg – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2006);

Jadranka Kosor – Prime Minister of Croatia (2009-11);

Leonid Kuchma – President of Ukraine (1994-2005);

Aleksander Kwaśniewski – President of Poland (1995-2005) ;

Finn E. Kydland – Nobel Prize in Economics (2004);

Ricardo Lagos – President of Chile (2000-06);

Zlatko Lagumdžija – Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001-02) ;

Yuan T. Lee – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (1986);

Robert J. Lefkowitz – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2012);

Anthony J. Leggett – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2003);

Jean-Marie Lehn – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (1987);

Yves Leterme – Prime Minister of Belgium (2008, 2009-11) ;

Tomas Lindahl – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2015);

Petru Lucinschi – President of Moldova (1997-2001);

Igor Lukšić – Prime Minister of Montenegro (2010-12);

Roderick MacKinnon – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2003);

Mauricio Macri – President of Argentina (2015-19);

Moussa Mara – Prime Minister of Mali (2014-15);

Giorgi Margvelashvili – President of Georgia (2013-18);

Eric S. Maskin – Nobel Prize in Economics (2007);

John C. Mather – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2006);

Michel Mayor – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2019);

Arthur B. McDonald – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2015);

Péter Medgyessy – Prime Minister of Hungary (2002-04);

Rexhep Meidani – President of Albania (1977-2002) ;

Craig C. Mello – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2006);

Rigoberta Menchu – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1992);

Carlos Mesa – President of Bolivia (2003-05);

James Michel – President of the Seychelles (2004-16);

William E. Moerner – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2014);

Mario Monti – Prime Minister of Italy (2011-13);

Edvard Moser – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2014);

May-Britt Moser – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2014);

Denis Mukwege – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2018);

Herta Muller – Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature (2009);

Nadia Murad Basee Taha – Nobel Peace Laureate (2018);

Joseph Muscat – Prime Minister of Malta (2013-20);

Bujar Nishani – President of Albania (2012-17);

Ryoji Noyori – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2001);

Olusegun Obasanjo – President of Nigeria (1976-79; 1999-2007);

John O'Keefe – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2014);

Djoomart Otorbaev – Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2014-15);

Orhan Pamuk – Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature (2006);

JP Patterson – Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992-2006);

Edmund S. Phelps – Nobel Prize in Economics (2006);

William D. Phillips – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (1997);

Christopher A. Pissarides – Nobel Prize in Economics (2010);

Rosen Plevneliev – President of Bulgaria (2012-17);

John C. Polanyi – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (1986);

Romano Prodi – Prime Minister of Italy (1996-98; 2006-08);

Stanley B. Prusiner – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (1997);

Jorge Tuto Quiroga – President of Bolivia (2001-02);

Iveta Radičová – Prime Minister of Slovakia (2010-12) ;

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2009);

José Manuel Ramos-Horta – President of Timor-Leste (2007-12) and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1996);

Charles M. Rice – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2020);

Mary Robinson – President of Ireland (1990-97);

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero – President of the Government of Spain (2004-11);

Petre Roman – Prime Minister of Romania (1989-1991) ;

Michael Rosbash – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2017);

Juan Manuel Santos – President of Colombia (2010–18) and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2016);

Kailash Satyarthi – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2014);

Jean-Pierre Sauvage – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2016);

Brian P. Schmidt – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2011);

Gregg L. Semenza – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (2019);

Jenny Shipley – Prime Minister of New Zealand (1997-99);

Stanislav Shushkevich – President of Belarus (1991-94);

Vernon L. Smith – Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics (2002);

Wole Soyinka – Nobel Prize Laureate in Literature (1986);

Michael Spence – Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics (2001);

Sir James Fraser Stoddart – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2016);

Horst L. Stormer – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (1998);

Petar Stoyanov – President of Bulgaria (1997-2002);

Laimdota Straujuma – Prime Minister of Latvia (2014-16);

Alexander Stubb – Prime Minister of Finland (2014-15);

Boris Tadić – President of Serbia (2004-12);

Kip Stephen Thorne – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (2017);

Susumu Tonegawa – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (1987);

Martín Torrijos – President of Panama (2004-09);

Elbegdorj Tsakhia – President of Mongolia (2009-17) ;

Danilo Türk – President of Slovenia (2007-12) and President of Club de Madrid;

Desmond Tutu – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1984);

Cassam Uteem – President of Mauritius (1992-2002);

Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga – President of Latvia (1999-2007) and Co-Chair Nizami Ganjavi International Center;

Filip Vujanović – President of Montenegro (2003-18);

Lech Wałęsa – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1983); President of Poland (1990-95);

Arieh Warshel – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2013);

Torsten N. Wiesel – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine (1981);

Jody Williams – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1997);

M. Stanley Whittingham – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2019);

Sir Gregory P. Winter – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2018);

Robert Woodrow Wilson – Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics (1978);

Kurt Wuthrich – Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (2002);

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo – Nobel Peace Laureate (1996);

Malala Yousafzai – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2014);

Muhammad Yunus – Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2006);

Viktor Yushchenko – President of Ukraine (2005-10);

Valdis Zatlers – President of Latvia (2007-11)